However, excess calcium not used by the body may combine with other waste products to form a stone. Calcium, a normal part of a healthy diet used in bones and muscles, is normally flushed out with the rest of the urine. Most kidney stones are composed of calcium however, there are other types of kidney stones that can develop. However, in about 20 percent of cases, the stone is greater than 2 centimeters (about one inch) and may require treatment. Most kidney stones that develop are small enough to pass without intervention. The areas most prone to trapping kidney stones are the bladder, ureters, and urethra. Other stones may have rough edges or grow as large as a pea causing extreme pain as they travel through or become lodged in the urinary tract. Some kidney stones are small or smooth enough to pass easily through the urinary tract without discomfort. If the stones break free of the kidney, they can travel through, and get lodged in, the narrower passages of the urinary tract. When substances that are normally excreted through the kidneys remain in the urinary tract, they may crystallize and harden into a kidney stone. A stent may be inserted through a special scope into the urinary tract to allow stones to pass more easily. A synthetic, tubular device that may be used along with other procedures. A more invasive surgical procedure using a larger incision to directly access the stone. It involves the removal of a stone through a thin tube tunneled through a small incision in the back into the kidney. A surgical procedure for stones that cannot be treated with lithotripsy or endoscopic procedures.
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